Sentence Pattern: Verb (Te-form) + て/で – Reasons and Causes
Sentence Pattern: Verb(Te-form)て/で
Grammar Explanation: When expressing a reason or cause, the following clause typically describes a feeling, a state, or a resulting situation.

Ex.: ペットの猫が死んで、悲しいです。
Rm.: Petto no neko ga shinde, kanashii desu.
En.: Our pet cat died, and we’re sad.

Ex.: ニュースを聞いて、びっくりしました。
Rm.: Nyusu o kiite, bikkuri shimashita.
En.: I was surprised to hear the news.

Ex.: お会いできて、嬉しいです。
Rm.: Oai dekite, ureshii desu.
En.: I’m pleased to meet you.

Ex.: 子供が生まれて、幸せです。
Rm.: Kodomo ga umarete, shiawase desu.
En.: We’re so happy that we’ve had a baby.
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Negative Form: ない→なくて) – Reasons and Causes
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Negative Form: ない→なくて)
Grammar Explanation: When expressing a reason or cause, the following clause typically describes a feeling, a state, or a resulting situation.

Ex.: 家族に会えなくて、寂しいです。
Rm.: Kazoku ni aenakute, sabishii desu.
En.: I feel lonely because I can’t see my family.

Ex.: 富士山が見えなくて、がっかりしました。
Rm.: Fujisan ga mienakute, gakkari shimashita.
En.: I was disappointed because I couldn’t see Mt. Fuji.

Ex.: 子供が言うことを聞かなくて、とても困りました。
Rm.: Kodomo ga iu koto o kikanakute, totemo komarimashita.
En.: I was really frustrated because my child wouldn’t listen to me.

Ex.: 仕事が終わらなくて、焦っています。
Rm.: Shigoto ga owaranakute, asette imasu.
En.: I’m stressed because I haven’t finished all my work.
Sentence Pattern: I-adjectives(い→くて) – Reasons and Causes
Sentence Pattern: I-adjectives(い→くて)
Grammar Explanation: When expressing a reason or cause, the following clause typically describes a feeling, a state, or a resulting situation.

Ex.: 問題が難しくて、わかりません。
Rm.: Mondai ga muzukashikute, wakarimasen.
En.: The exams are so difficult that I can’t understand any of them.

Ex.: 野菜が高くて、なかなか食べられません。
Rm.: Yasai ga takakute, nakanaka taberaremasen.
En.: Vegetables are so expensive that I can hardly afford to eat them.

Ex.: コピー機が古くて、きれいにコピーできませんでした。
Rm.: Kopiiki ga furukute, kirei ni kopii dekimasen deshita.
En.: The copier was old, so I couldn’t make clear copies.

Ex.: 字が小さくて、よく読めません。
Rm.: Ji ga chiisakute, yoku yomemasen.
En.: The text is too small for me to read clearly.
Sentence Pattern: Na-adjectives(な→で) – Reasons and Causes
Sentence Pattern: Na-adjectives(な→で)
Grammar Explanation: When expressing a reason or cause, the following clause typically describes a feeling, a state, or a resulting situation.

Ex.: 操作が複雑で、覚えられません。
Rm.: Sousa ga fukuzatsu de, oboeraremasen.
En.: The controls are so complicated that I can’t remember how to use them.

Ex.: 毎日暇で、死にそうです。
Rm.: Mainichi hima de, shinisou desu.
En.: I’m so bored every day that I feel like I’m going to die.

Ex.: 授業が退屈で、寝てしまいました。
Rm.: Jugyou ga taikutsu de, nete shimaimashita.
En.: The class was so boring that I fell asleep.

Ex.: この店は有名で、いつも混んでいます。
Rm.: Kono mise wa yuumei de, itsumo konde imasu.
En.: This restaurant is famous and is always crowded.
Sentence Pattern: Noun+で– Reasons and Causes
Sentence Pattern: Noun+で
Grammar Explanation: When expressing a reason or cause, the following clause typically describes a feeling, a state, or a resulting situation.

Ex.: 地震で、たくさんの家屋が倒壊しました。
Rm.: Jishin de, takusan no kaoku ga toukai shimashita.
En.: Many houses collapsed due to the earthquake.

Ex.: 火事で、家が焼けてしまいました。
Rm.: Kaji de, ie ga yakete shimaimashita.
En.: Our house was destroyed by fire.

Ex.: 交通事故で、入院しています。
Rm.: Koutsuu jiko de, nyuuin shite imasu.
En.: I’m hospitalized because of a traffic accident.

Ex.: 大雨で家が浸水してしまいました
Rm.: Ooame de, ie ga shinsui shite shimaimashita.
En.: Our house was flooded due to the heavy rain.
Reference: Minna no Nihongo Lesson 39

「て/で」で理由や原因を表す場合、後文に「意志」「命令」「依頼」などを表す表現は使えません。
When “て/で” is used to express a reason or cause, the following clause generally cannot express intention, give a command, make a request, or convey a similar meaning.
【意志】
Ex.: 病気で、明日は会社を休みたいです。(Wrong)
Rm.: Byouki de, ashita wa kaisha o yasumitai desu.
Ex.: 病気なので、明日は会社を休みたいです。(Correct)
Rm.: Byouki na node, ashita wa kaisha o yasumitai desu.
En.: I’m sick, so I’d like to take tomorrow off work.
【命令】
Ex.: 危なくて、止めなさい。(Wrong)
Rm.: Abunakute, tomenasai.
Ex.: 危ないから、止めなさい。(Correct)
Rm.: Abunai kara, tomenasai.
En.: It’s dangerous, so stop it!
【依頼】
Ex.: 忙しくて、手伝ってください。(Wrong)
Rm.: Isogashikute, tetsudatte kudasai.
Ex.: 忙しいので、手伝ってください。(Correct)
Rm.: Isogashii node, tetsudatte kudasai.
En.: I’m busy, so please help me.

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