日本語文法(Japanese Grammar)
本サイトの「文法」カテゴリーでは、会話でよく使われる初級文法を中心に、「日本語文法の基礎」を簡潔にわかりやすく紹介しています。「百聞は一見に如かず」をコンセプトに、日本語の動詞や形容詞の活用を一覧表にまとめ、表やイラストを使って、日本語特有の「助詞」「敬語」「授受表現」などのやや複雑な文法をできるだけわかりやすく説明しています。また、日本語の「自動詞」と「他動詞」を4つのタイプ別に一覧表にまとめ、それぞれの動詞には日本語の例文と中国語の翻訳を付けました。「みんなの日本語〈初級〉」で学ぶN4-N5レベルの文法は、すべて本サイトの「文法」カテゴリーに紹介してあります。学習者が「みんなの日本語〈初級〉」教材を参照しやすいように、「みんなの日本語〈初級〉」教材と関連する文法ページには「みんなの日本語第×課」と明記いたしました。本サイトが日本語学習者の日本語能力の向上に少しでも役立つことを願っています。
The Grammar section of this website focuses on essential grammar concepts commonly used in everyday conversations, with a particular emphasis on beginner-level Japanese grammar. Based on the idea that “seeing is believing,” the site features verb and adjective conjugation tables, along with charts and illustrations to clearly explain more complex topics such as particles, honorifics, and giving/receiving expressions. Transitive and intransitive verbs are grouped into four distinct categories, with each verb accompanied by example sentences in Japanese and their Chinese translations. All N4–N5 level grammar points from the Minna no Nihongo: Elementary textbook are introduced in this section. To make navigation easier, grammar pages that correspond to the textbook are clearly marked with the relevant lesson number (e.g., “Minna no Nihongo: Lesson X”). This site is designed to help Japanese learners strengthen their understanding of grammar in a clear and accessible way.
日本語文法一覧(Japanese Grammar Index)
- 日本語文法一覧(Japanese Grammar List)
- 日本語の助詞(Japanese Particles)
- Japanese Verb Conjugation Table (日本語動詞活用表)
- 丁寧形と普通形の活用一覧表(Polite and Plain Form Conjugation Chart)
- Polite Form (です/ます)/Plain Form (だ)/Formal Written Style (である)
- Japanese Adverbs(日本語の副詞)
- Japanese Conjunctions(日本語の接続詞)
- Japanese Verb Types: 継続 (Durative), 瞬間 (Momentary), 状態 (Stative), 第4種 (The Fourth Type)
- 自動詞 (Intransitive Verbs) vs 他動詞 (Transitive Verbs)
- 自動詞 (Intransitive Verbs List)
- 他動詞 (Transitive Verbs List)
- 無対自動詞(Intransitive Verbs Without Corresponding Transitive Verbs)
- 無対他動詞(Transitive Verbs Without Corresponding Intransitive Verbs)
- 自他ペア動詞(Pairs of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs)
- 自他同形動詞(Verbs Identical in Form for Both Transitive and Intransitive Uses)
- 意志動詞 (Volitional Verbs) vs 無意志動詞 (Non-volitional Verbs)
- “何 (Nan)” vs “何 (Nani)”: What’s the Difference?
- 誰か (Someone)/何か (Something)/どこか (Somewhere)/いつか (Sometime)/なぜか (Somewhy)
- ごろ/くらい/ぐらい(around)/ころ(period)
- Uses of the Adverb “もう (mou)”
- 教えます (Teach/Tell)/聞きます (Listen/Ask)
- Demonstratives: これ (kore)/それ (sore)/あれ (are)/どれ (dore)
- ~から~まで (from ~ to ~)
- ~から近いです (close to ~)/~から遠いです (far from ~)
- まだ+Verb Te Form+ています : still doing ~
- まだ+Verb Te Form+ていません : not yet done ~
- 形容詞の名詞化 (Nominalization of Adjectives)
- 形容詞の副詞化 (Adverbial Forms of Adjectives)
- 形容詞 (Adjective) + “め (me)” : Indicating a somewhat higher degree
- Concepts and Differences Between “は (wa)” and “が (ga)”
- Concepts and Differences Between “を (wo)” and “に (ni)”
- Concepts and Differences Between “と (to)” and “に (ni)”
- Concepts and Differences Between “へ (e)” and “に (ni)”
- Usage of the Case Particle “に (ni)”
- Usage of the Case Particle “で (de)”
- Three Uses of the Case Particle “を (wo)”
- 時間を表す名詞(Temporal nouns) + “に (ni)”
- 終助詞(Sentence-ending Particles): ね (ne), よね (yone), よ (yo), かな (kana), の (no)
- 取り立て助詞(Emphatic Particles): Interchangeability of “は (wa)” and “も (mo)”
- Replacing Other Particles with the Emphatic Particle “は (wa)”
- Replacing Other Particles with the Emphatic Particle “も (mo)”
- Emphatic Particle “は (wa)” in Contrastive Use
- Usage of the Emphatic Particle “も (mo)”
- 限界 (Limit): Quantifier (Maximum Extent) + “で (de)”
- 強調 (Emphatic Use): Quantifier + “も (mo)” (More than expected)
- 強調 (Emphatic Use): Quantifier + “は (wa)” (At Least)
- 場所 (Place): Differences Between “で (de)” and “に (ni)”
- 手段 (Means): Tool + “で (de)” (Using ~/With ~)
- 交通手段 (Means of Transportation): Vehicle + “で (de)” (by ~)
- 例示 (Examples): ~と (to) ~/~や (ya) ~など (nado)/~とか (toka) ~とか (toka)
- 日本語の授受表現 : About Japanese Giving and Receiving Expressions
- Usage of てあげる (teageru), てもらう (temorau), and てくれる (tekureru)
- Usage of あげる (ageru), もらう (morau), and くれる (kureru)
- Conditional Expressions: Verb Dictionary Form + “と (to)” (If/When ~)
- Conditional Expressions: Verb Conditional Form + “ば (ba)” (If/When ~)
- Conditional Expressions: Verb Ta Form + “たら (tara)” (If/When ~)
- Conditional Expressions: Verb Plain Form + “なら (nara)” (If/When ~)
- “~場合 (baai)” – When/In case ~
- “~ば~ほど”/“~なら~ほど” – The more ~, the more ~
- Concessive Conditional: たとえ~ても (Even if ~)
- 目的 (Purpose): Verb Polite Form + に (ni) + 行きます (to go to do ~)
- 目的 (Purpose): Verb Dictionary Form + の (no) + に (ni) – for ~
- 目的 (Purpose): ~ために (for ~)
- 目的 (Purpose): ~ように (for ~)
- 受身 (Passive Voice)
- 使役 (Causative Form)
- 敬語 (Honorific): 尊敬語 (Respectful language)
- 敬語 (Honorific): 謙譲語 (Humble Language) vs 丁寧語 (Polite Language)
- 敬語 (Honorific): Honorific Noun Forms
- 敬語 (Honorific): Beautifying Expressions (a type of Polite Language)
- 命令文 (Imperative Sentences)
- 禁止文 (Prohibitive Sentences)
- 私の趣味は〜ことです (My hobby is ~)
- 意外 (Unexpectedness)・不満 (Complaint): ~のに (Although ~)
- Examples and Repetition: Verb Ta Form + たり
- 経験 (Experience): Verb Ta Form + たことがあります (Have done ~)
- “~とき (toki)” – When ~
- Verb Dictionary Form + 前に/Noun + の + 前に (Before doing)
- “~ところです” (Just about to ~/be doing ~/Just finished ~) vs “~ばかりです” (Just finished ~)
- “~とおりに (toorini)” – Just as ~
- Advice: Verb Ta Form + たほうがいいですよ (You’d better do ~)
- Expressing Intention: ~つもりです/~と思っています (Plan to ~)
- Expressing Schedule: Verb Dictionary Form + 予定です/Noun + の予定です (Scheduled to ~)
- Request Expression: ~と伝えていただけませんか (Could you please tell ~?)
- Quoting Speech: ~と言いました (Said)/~と言っていました (Reported)
- Change Expressions: ~(く/に)します (Make ~)/~(く/に)なります (Become ~)
- Change Expressions: ~ようになりました (can now ~)/~なくなりました (can no longer ~)
- Making a Request: ~ようにしてください (Please try to ~)
- Expressing Effort: ~ようにしています (Make an effort to ~)
- Advice Expression: ~べきです (Should ~/Ought to ~)
- Prediction Expressions: ~はずです (Supposed to ~)
- Expressing Whether or Not: ~かどうか/Question Word + か
- Transitive Verb Te Form + てあります (Intentional Result)
- Intransitive Verb Te Form + ています (Current State)
- Habitual Actions: Verb Te Form + ています
- Making Requests: Verb Te Form + てください (Please do ~)
- Making Polite Requests: Verb Te Form + ていただけませんか (Would you please ~?)
- Completion or Regret: Verb Te Form + てしまいました
- Trying Something: Verb Te Form + てみます
- Prohibition: Verb Te Form + てはいけません (must not do ~)
- Sequence of Actions: Verb Te Forms + て
- Change Expressions: Verb Te Form + てきます or ていきます
- Change Expressions: Verb Te Form + てきます (be getting ~)
- Learn Japanese Grammar: Verb Te-Form + ておきます (ときます)
- Verb Te Form + てから/Verb Ta Form + たあとで (After Doing ~)
- Permission: Verb Te Form + てもかまいませんか (May I ~?)
- Verb Te Form + てもかまいませんよ (It’s Okay to ~)
- Permission: Verb Te Form + てもいいですか (May I ~?)
- Verb Te Form + てもいいですよ (It’s Okay to ~)
- 並列 (Coordination): ~て (Te Form) + ~て (Te Form) + ~です
- 並列 (Coordination): Plain-form + し/Cause: Plain-form + し
- Cause: ~て (Te Form)、~。
- Cause: ~から/~ので (Because ~/Since ~)
- Cause: おかげで (Thanks to ~ Positive Result)/せいで (Because of ~ Negative Result)
- 付帯 (Adverbial meaning): ~て、~します (Doing ~ while doing ~)
- Plain Form + んです (Emphasis/Explanation)/Plain Form + んですか (Question form)
- Expressing Opinion or Guess: Plain Form + と思います (I think ~/I guess ~)
- Expressing possibility: Plain Form + かもしれません (Maybe ~/Might ~)
- 文の名詞化 (Nominalizing Sentences): Plain Form + の
- 伝聞 (Reportative): Plain Form + そうです (I heard that ~)
- 推量 (Conjecture): Plain Form + ようです (It seems that ~)
- 推量 (Conjecture): Plain Form + ようです/Plain Form + みたいです (It seems that ~)
- 伝聞 (Reportative): そうです/推量 (Conjecture) ようです/推定 (Estimation) らしいです
- Illustrative Examples: ような・ように・ようです (Like ~/As if ~)
- Confirming Memory or Seeking Confirmation: Plain Form + んだっけ/Plain Form + っけ
- Plain Form + でしょう↑ Confirming (~right?)/Plain Form + でしょう↓ Probable (~probably)
- Verb Potential Form (Expressing Ability and Possibility)
- Verb Dictionary Form + ことができます/Noun + ができます (Can/Be able to)
- “見える (Can see)” vs “見られる (Can be seen)”/“聞こえる (Can hear)” vs “聞ける (Can be heard)”
- Doing Two Actions Simultaneously: Verb Stem + ながら, Doing Something
- Verb Stem + たいです (Want to)/Verb Stem + たくないです (Don’t want to)
- Verb Stem + たがります (Third person wants to ~)
- Verb Stem + すぎます (Too ~/Excessively ~)
- Invitation: Verb Stem + ませんか (Inviting someone to ~)
- Appearance/Condition: Verb Stem + そうです (Looks like ~/Seems ~)
- Verb Stem + 始めます (to begin ~) vs Verb Stem + 終わります (to finish ~)
- Verb Stem + ましょう (Let’s ~)/Verb Stem + ませんか (Shall we ~)/Verb Stem + ましょうか (Shall I ~)
- Verb Stem + やすいです (easy to ~) vs Verb Stem + にくいです (hard to ~)
- Verb Stem + きります (to do ~ completely) vs Verb Stem + きれません (cannot do ~ completely)
- どうやって + Verb (how to ~)
- Noun + はどうですか (How about ~?)
- Noun + はどこですか (Where is ~?)
- Noun + は ~ですか。(それとも) ~ですか。 (Is it ~ or ~?)
- Noun + はどれですか (Which one is ~?) vs Noun + はどちら(どっち)ですか (Which of the two is ~?)
- Noun + は、どんな + Noun ですか (What kind of ~ is it?)
- どんな + Noun + が~ですか (What kind of ~ does [subject] ~?)
- Ask about the best: Noun + の中で、疑問詞 (Interrogative word) + が一番~ですか
- Noun + は、~という意味です (~ means ~)
- Noun + は、言語 (Language) + で何と言いますか (How do you say ~ in ~ language?)
- Noun + がほしいです (want ~)
- Example Expression: Noun + でも vs Noun + 助詞 (Particle) + でも
- Comparison : 名詞 (Noun) ① と 名詞 (Noun) ② と、どちらが~ですか (Which is more ~, Noun ① or Noun ②?)
- Comparison: A は B より ~です (A is more ~ than B)
- 名詞の修飾 (Noun Modification)
- 名詞の修飾 (Noun Modification): 名詞句 (Noun Phrases) vs 連体修飾節 (Adnominal Clauses)
- 連体修飾節(名詞修飾節): Adnominal Clauses
- Noun (Sound/Smell/Taste) + がします (There is a ~ sound/smell/taste)
- Noun + だけ (only ~) vs Quantity Noun + だけ (only [amount])
- 名詞 (Noun) + でお願いします (I’ll have ~, please)
- 人 (People) vs 動物 (Animals) + がいます/植物 (Plants) vs 物 (Objects) + があります
- ~ものです (Indicates Common Sense, Advice, Exclamation, or Recollection)
- 〈Quantity or Amount〉 + になります (It will be ~)
- Verb (Negative Form) + ないでください (Please don’t ~)
- Verb (Negative Form) + なければなりません (must/have to ~)
- Verb (Negative Form) + なくてもいいです (don’t have to ~)
- Decision Expressions: Noun + にします (to decide on ~)/Noun + になります (to be decided)
- Decision Expressions: ~ことにします (to decide to ~)/~ことになります (to be decided to ~)
- Limitation Expressions: ~だけ (Only in affirmative) vs ~しか (Only in negative)
- Neglect Expressions: ~っぱなし (leaving as is, often implying neglect)
- Maintaining the status quo Expression ~: まま (leave something in ~ state)
- 讃美 (Praise): Plain Form + だけあって (As expected of ~/Worthy of ~)
- 独り言 (Self-talk): Verb (Volitional Form) + っと (I’m going to ~!)
- Emphasis Expressions: ~なんか/~なんて (Expressing disdain or surprise)
- 名詞 (Noun) + めく (like ~/having a ~ feel/implying ~)
- ~っぽい (like/seems/looks/feels/tends to ~)
- ~系 (belonging to ~ category/type)
- ~がち (tend to ~/often ~/prone to ~)
- ~きり/~っきり (no more/only/since then)
- 思わず・つい・うっかり (unintentionally/accidentally/carelessly)
- ~に関して/~について/~を巡って/~に対して (regarding ~/about ~/concerning ~/towards ~)
- 名詞 (Noun) + に関して: regarding ~/concerning ~ (formal or objective topics)
- 名詞 (Noun) + について: about ~ (general topics, discussions, studies, etc.)
- 名詞 (Noun) + に対して: towards ~/against ~/in contrast to ~ (attitudes, reactions, comparisons)
- 名詞 (Noun) + をめぐって: concerning ~ (disputes, opposition, arguments, rumors, etc.)
- How to Use “ながら” (While Doing ~, and Although, etc.)
- How to Use “つつ” (While Doing ~, Although ~, and In the Process of ~)
- Four Usages of “わけ (wake)”
- “わけです” in Monologue: Reason, Conclusion, and Emphasis
- “わけです” in Dialogue: Reason, Conclusion, and Understanding
- Plain Form + わけではありません (It doesn’t mean ~/not necessarily ~)
- Verb (Dictionary Form) + わけにはいきません (can’t ~/must not ~)
- Plain Form + わけがありません (There’s no way ~/impossible to ~)
- Verb (Dictionary Form) + 上で (upon doing ~/in the process of ~)
- Verb (Ta Form) + 上で/Noun + の + 上で (after ~)
- 名詞 (Noun) + 上で/名詞 (Noun) + 上 (in terms of ~/based on ~)
- Plain Form + 上に (not only ~ but also ~)





