Sentence Pattern: Verb (Te-form) + て
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Te-form) + て (State), followed by another action
Grammar Explanation: Perform another action while in a certain state.
Ex.: 眼鏡を掛けて、シャワーを浴びます。
Rm.: Megane o kakete, shawaa o abimasu.
En.: He takes a shower while wearing glasses.
Ex.: 傘を持って、出かけます。
Rm.: Kasa o motte, dekakemasu.
En.: She goes out carrying an umbrella.
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Negative Form) + ないで
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Negative Form) + ないで (State), followed by another action
Grammar Explanation: The first clause describes a state in which something is not done, and the second clause describes another action performed in that state.
Ex.: 朝ご飯を食べないで、会社へ行きます。
Rm.: Asagohan o tabenaide, kaisha e ikimasu.
En.: He goes to work without eating breakfast.
Ex.: 醤油をつけないで、お寿司を食べます。
Rm.: Shouyu o tsukenaide, osushi o tabemasu.
En.: We eat sushi without dipping it in soy sauce.
Reference: Minna no Nihongo Lesson 34
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Negative Form) + せず
Sentence Pattern: Verb (Negative Form) + せず (State), followed by another action
Grammar Explanation: Perform another action without doing a certain action.
Ex.: 名前を書かずに提出してください。
Rm.: Namae o kakazu ni teishutsu shite kudasai.
En.: Please submit it without writing your name.
Ex.: 彼女は朝ご飯を食べずに、学校へ行きました。
Rm.: Kanojo wa asagohan o tabezu ni, gakkou e ikimashita.
En.: She went to school without eating breakfast.
Ex.: 彼は毎日何もせずに、家でごろごろしています。
Rm.: Kare wa mainichi nani mo sezu ni, ie de gorogoro shite imasu.
En.: He spends every day lounging around at home without doing anything.
Ex.: 一生懸命勉強せずに、大学に合格することはできません。
Rm.: Isshoukenmei benkyou sezu ni, daigaku ni goukaku suru koto wa dekimasen.
En.: You can’t get into college without studying hard.
Ex.: 彼は事務所に来ずに、家で仕事をしています。
Rm.: Kare wa jimusho ni kozu ni, ie de shigoto o shite imasu.
En.: He works from home instead of coming to the office.
Ex.: 父は家に帰って来ずに、ずっとパチンコをしています。
Rm.: Chichi wa ie ni kaette kozu ni, zutto pachinko o shite imasu.
En.: My father has been playing pachinko all this time without coming home.
