Japanese Grammar (日本語文法)

目次（Table of Contents）

日本語文法（Japanese Grammar）
日本語文法一覧（Japanese Grammar Index）

日本語文法（Japanese Grammar）

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The “Grammar” section of this website focuses on beginner-level Japanese grammar commonly used in everyday conversations and provides clear, concise explanations of “the fundamentals of Japanese grammar.” Based on the concept that “seeing is believing,” Japanese verb and adjective conjugations are organized into easy-to-follow tables, while charts and illustrations are used to explain more complex aspects of Japanese grammar, such as “particles,”“honorifics,” and “giving and receiving expressions,” as clearly as possible. Japanese transitive and intransitive verbs are also organized into four categories, with each verb accompanied by an example sentence in Japanese and its English translation. All N4–N5 grammar points covered in “Minna no Nihongo (Elementary)” are introduced in the “Grammar” section of this website. To make it easier for learners to study alongside the “Minna no Nihongo (Elementary)” textbook, grammar pages related to the textbook are clearly marked with the corresponding lesson number, such as “Minna no Nihongo: Lesson X.” This site is designed to help Japanese learners improve their Japanese skills.

日本語文法一覧（Japanese Grammar Index）

日本語文法一覧（Japanese Grammar List）
日本語の助詞（Japanese Particles）
Japanese Verb Conjugation Charts (日本語動詞活用表)
Japanese Grammar: Polite and Plain Form Conjugation Chart (丁寧形＆普通形)
Polite Form (です/ます)/Plain Form (だ)/Formal Written Style (である)
Japanese Adverbs (日本語の副詞)
Japanese Conjunctions (日本語の接続詞)
Japanese Grammar: Four Verb Types (継続動詞・瞬間動詞・状態動詞・第4の動詞)
自動詞 (Intransitive Verbs) vs 他動詞 (Transitive Verbs)
自動詞 (Intransitive Verbs List)
他動詞 (Transitive Verbs List)
無対自動詞（Intransitive Verbs Without Corresponding Transitive Verbs）
無対他動詞（Transitive Verbs Without Corresponding Intransitive Verbs）
自他ペア動詞（Pairs of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs）
自他同形動詞（Verbs Identical in Form for Both Transitive and Intransitive Uses）
意志動詞 (Volitional Verbs) vs 無意志動詞 (Non-volitional Verbs)
“何 (Nan)” vs “何 (Nani)”: What’s the Difference?
誰か (Someone)/何か (Something)/どこか (Somewhere)/いつか (Sometime)/なぜか (Somewhy)
Japanese Grammar: How to Use “ころ”, “ごろ”, “くらい”, and “ぐらい”
Uses of the Adverb “もう (mou)”
教えます (Teach/Tell)/聞きます (Listen/Ask)
Demonstratives: これ (kore)/それ (sore)/あれ (are)/どれ (dore)
Japanese Grammar: From A to B (AからBまで) Meaning and Usage
～から近いです (close to ~)/～から遠いです (far from ~)
Japanese Grammar: まだ～ています (Still in Progress / Ongoing State)
まだ＋Verb Te Form＋ていません : not yet done ~
Japanese Grammar: Turning Adjectives into Nouns (形容詞の名詞化)
Japanese Grammar: Turning Adjectives into Adverbs (形容詞の副詞化)
形容詞 (Adjective) + “め (me)” : Indicating a somewhat higher degree
Concepts and Differences Between “は (wa)” and “が (ga)”
Concepts and Differences Between “を (wo)” and “に (ni)”
Concepts and Differences Between “と (to)” and “に (ni)”
Concepts and Differences Between “へ (e)” and “に (ni)”
Usage of the Case Particle “に (ni)”
Usage of the Case Particle “で (de)”
Three Uses of the Case Particle “を (wo)”
Japanese Grammar: Using “に (ni)” for Time (時間を表す名詞＋に)
終助詞（Sentence-ending Particles）: ね (ne), よね (yone), よ (yo), かな (kana), の (no)
取り立て助詞（Emphatic Particles）: Interchangeability of “は (wa)” and “も (mo)”
Replacing Other Particles with the Emphatic Particle “は (wa)”
Replacing Other Particles with the Emphatic Particle “も (mo)”
Japanese Grammar: The Contrastive Use of the Particle “は”（対比）
Usage of the Emphatic Particle “も (mo)”
Japanese Grammar: How to Use “Quantity + で” to Express Maximum Limits (限界)
Japanese Grammar: The Particle “も” (mo) – Complete Guide with Examples
強調 (Emphatic Use): Quantifier + “は (wa)” (At Least)
場所 (Place): Differences Between “で (de)” and “に (ni)”
Japanese Grammar: Means or Tool（手段や道具） + で (with ～, on ～, in ～)
Japanese Grammar: Transportation (交通手段) + で (By Train, Bus, Car, and More)
例示 (Examples): ～と (to) ～/～や (ya) ～など (nado)/～とか (toka) ～とか (toka)
Japanese Grammar: Giving and Receiving Expressions (授受表現)
Japanese Grammar: Giving and Receiving Favors (てあげます・てもらいます・てくれます)
Japanese Grammar: Giving and Receiving Things (あげます・もらいます・くれます)
Japanese Grammar: Conditional Expressions with “と” (If ～ / When ～)
Japanese Grammar: Conditional Expressions with “ば” (If ～ / When ～)
Japanese Grammar: Conditional Expressions with “たら” (If ～ / When ～)
Japanese Grammar: Conditional Expressions with “なら” (If ～)
“～場合 (baai)” – When/In case ～
“～ば～ほど”/“～なら～ほど” – The more ～, the more ～
Japanese Grammar: Even if (たとえ～ても) & No matter how (いくら・どんなに～ても)
目的 (Purpose): Verb Polite Form + に (ni) + 行きます (to go to do ~)
目的 (Purpose): Verb Dictionary Form + の (no) + に (ni) – for ~
目的 (Purpose): ～ために (for ~)
目的 (Purpose): ～ように (for ~)
受身 (Passive Voice)
使役 (Causative Form)
敬語 (Honorific): 尊敬語 (Respectful language)
敬語 (Honorific): 謙譲語 (Humble Language) vs 丁寧語 (Polite Language)
敬語 (Honorific): Honorific Noun Forms
敬語 (Honorific): Beautifying Expressions (a type of Polite Language)
Japanese Grammar: Imperative Sentences (命令文)
Japanese Grammar: Prohibitive Sentences (禁止文)
私の趣味は〜ことです (My hobby is ~)
意外 (Unexpectedness)・不満 (Complaint): ～のに (Although ~)
Examples and Repetition: Verb Ta Form + たり
経験 (Experience): Verb Ta Form + たことがあります (Have done ~)
“～とき (toki)” – When ~
Verb Dictionary Form + 前に/Noun + の + 前に (Before doing)
Japanese Grammar: ～ところです vs ～ばかりです (Difference & Usage)
“～とおりに (toorini)” – Just as ~
Advice: Verb Ta Form ＋たほうがいいですよ (You’d better do ～)
Japanese Grammar: be going to～/plan to～/be thinking of～(～つもりです/～と思っています)
Japanese Grammar: How to Say “be planning to ～” and “be scheduled to ～”(～予定です)
Japanese Grammar: ～と伝えていただけませんか (Could you please tell someone that…?)
Japanese Grammar: How to Use “～と言いました” and “～と言っていました”
Change Expressions: ～（く/に）します (Make ～)/～（く/に）なります (Become ～)
Change Expressions: ～ようになりました (can now ～)/～なくなりました (can no longer ～)
Making a Request: ～ようにしてください (Please try to ～)
Expressing Effort: ～ようにしています (Make an effort to ～)
Advice Expression: ～べきです (Should ～/Ought to ～)
Prediction Expressions: ～はずです (Supposed to ～)
Japanese Grammar: ～かどうか & Question Word + か (Indirect Questions)
Transitive Verb Te Form ＋てあります (Intentional Result)
Intransitive Verb Te Form ＋ています (Current State)
Habitual Actions: Verb Te Form ＋ています
Japanese Grammar: How to Say “Please ～” (～てください)
Making Polite Requests: Verb Te Form + ていただけませんか (Would you please ~?)
Japanese Grammar: ～てしまいました (Completion and Negative Emotions)
Japanese Grammar: Verb (Te-form) + てみます (Try Doing Something)
Prohibition: Verb Te Form + てはいけません (must not do ~)
Sequence of Actions: Verb Te Forms + て
Japanese Grammar: How to Use “～てきます” and “～ていきます”
Change Expressions: Verb Te Form + てきます (be getting ～)
Japanese Grammar: Verb Te-Form + ておきます (ときます)
Verb Te Form + てから/Verb Ta Form + たあとで (After Doing ~)
Permission: Verb Te Form + てもかまいませんか (May I ~?)
Verb Te Form + てもかまいませんよ (It’s Okay to ~)
Permission: Verb Te Form + てもいいですか (May I ~?)
Verb Te Form + てもいいですよ (It’s Okay to ~)
並列 (Coordination): ～て (Te Form) + ～て (Te Form) + ～です
Japanese Grammar: Plain Form + “～し” (Parallel Listing & Reasons)
Cause: ～て (Te Form)、～。
Cause: ～から/～ので (Because ～/Since ～)
Japanese Grammar: ～おかげで (Thanks to ～) vs ～せいで (Because ～)
Japanese Grammar: Accompanying Actions (～て/～ないで /～ずに)
Japanese Grammar: How to Use “Plain Form + んです (n desu)”
Japanese Grammar: “Plain Form + と思います” – Meaning & Usage
Expressing possibility: Plain Form ＋かもしれません (Maybe ～/Might ～)
文の名詞化 (Nominalizing Sentences): Plain Form ＋の
Japanese Grammar: ～そうです (Sou desu / Hearsay) – Usage & Examples
Japanese Grammar: ～ようです (You desu / Inference) – Usage & Examples
Japanese Grammar: ようです (You desu) vs みたいです (Mitai desu)
Japanese Grammar: そうです vs ようです vs らしいです – Clear Comparison
Japanese Grammar: ような・ように・ようです – Meaning, Differences, and Usage
Japanese Grammar: ～んだっけ？/～っけ？ (Confirmation & Reminiscence)
Plain Form + でしょう↑ Confirming (～right?)/Plain Form + でしょう↓ Probable (～probably)
Verb Potential Form (Expressing Ability and Possibility)
Verb Dictionary Form + ことができます/Noun + ができます (Can/Be able to)
“見える (Can see)” vs “見られる (Can be seen)”/“聞こえる (Can hear)” vs “聞ける (Can be heard)”
Japanese Grammar: ～ながら (Doing B While Doing A) – Usage & Examples
Japanese Grammar: “want to～”(～たいです) and “don’t want to～”(～たくないです)
Verb Stem + たがります (Third person wants to ～)
Japanese Grammar: Verb + すぎます (Too Much / To Overdo Something)
Japanese Grammar: ～ませんか – How to Make Natural Invitations
Japanese Grammar: ～そうです (Sou desu / Appearance) – Usage & Examples
Verb Stem + 始めます (to begin ～) vs Verb Stem + 終わります (to finish ～)
Verb Stem + ましょう (Let’s ～)/Verb Stem + ませんか (Shall we ～)/Verb Stem + ましょうか (Shall I ～)
Verb Stem + やすいです (easy to ～) vs Verb Stem + にくいです (hard to ～)
Verb Stem + きります (to do ～ completely) vs Verb Stem + きれません (cannot do ～ completely)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “How do you ～?” (どうやって～？)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “How is ～?” (Noun + はどうですか)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “Where is ～?” (Noun + はどこですか)
Japanese Grammar: Noun (Noun Clause) + は A ですか。B ですか。(Is it A or B?)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “Which one ～?” (どちらですか/どれですか)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “What is ～ like?” (どんな～ですか)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “What kind of ～?” (どんな～が～ですか)
Japanese Grammar: How to Ask “What is the most ～?” (何が一番～ですか？)
Japanese Grammar: How to Say “A Means B” (AはBという意味です)
Japanese Grammar: 何と言いますか (How to Say Words and Phrases in Another Language)
Japanese Grammar: How to Say “I want～” and “We want～” (～がほしいです)
Example Expression: Noun + でも vs Noun + 助詞 (Particle) + でも
Japanese Grammar: Comparison – Which is more ～, A or B? (AとBと、どちらが～ですか)
Japanese Grammar: Comparison – A is more ～ than B (A は B より～です)
Japanese Grammar: How to Modify Nouns (名詞の修飾)
名詞の修飾 (Noun Modification): 名詞句 (Noun Phrases) vs 連体修飾節 (Adnominal Clauses)
連体修飾節（名詞修飾節）: Adnominal Clauses
Noun (Sound/Smell/Taste) + がします (There is a ～ sound/smell/taste)
Noun + だけ (only ～) vs Quantity Noun + だけ (only [amount])
名詞 (Noun) + でお願いします (I’ll have ～, please)
人 (People) vs 動物 (Animals) + がいます/植物 (Plants) vs 物 (Objects) + があります
～ものです (Indicates Common Sense, Advice, Exclamation, or Recollection)
〈Quantity or Amount〉 + になります (It will be ～)
Japanese Grammar: How to Say “Please don’t ～” (～ないでください)
Japanese Grammar: ～なければなりません (Must / Have to)
Verb (Negative Form) + なくてもいいです (don’t have to ～)
Decision Expressions: Noun + にします (to decide on ～)/Noun + になります (to be decided)
Decision Expressions: ～ことにします (to decide to ～)/～ことになります (to be decided to ～)
Limitation Expressions: ～だけ (Only in affirmative) vs ～しか (Only in negative)
Neglect Expressions: ～っぱなし (leaving as is, often implying neglect)
Maintaining the status quo Expression ～: まま (leave something in ～ state)
讃美 (Praise): Plain Form + だけあって (As expected of ～/Worthy of ～)
独り言 (Self-talk): Verb (Volitional Form) + っと (I’m going to ～!)
Japanese Grammar: ～なんか / ～なんて (Emphasis)
名詞 (Noun) + めく (like ～/having a ～ feel/implying ～)
～っぽい (like/seems/looks/feels/tends to ～)
～系 (belonging to ～ category/type)
～がち (tend to ～/often ～/prone to ～)
～きり/～っきり (no more/only/since then)
思わず・つい・うっかり (unintentionally/accidentally/carelessly)
～に関して/～について/～を巡って/～に対して (regarding ～/about ～/concerning ～/towards ～)
名詞 (Noun) + に関して: regarding ～/concerning ～ (formal or objective topics)
名詞 (Noun) + について: about ～ (general topics, discussions, studies, etc.)
名詞 (Noun) + に対して: towards ～/against ～/in contrast to ～ (attitudes, reactions, comparisons)
名詞 (Noun) + をめぐって: concerning ～ (disputes, opposition, arguments, rumors, etc.)
How to Use “ながら” (While Doing ～, and Although, etc.)
How to Use “つつ” (While Doing ～, Although ～, and In the Process of ～)
Four Usages of “わけ (wake)”
“わけです” in Monologue: Reason, Conclusion, and Emphasis
“わけです” in Dialogue: Reason, Conclusion, and Understanding
Plain Form + わけではありません (It doesn’t mean ～/not necessarily ～)
Verb (Dictionary Form) + わけにはいきません (can’t ～/must not ～)
Plain Form + わけがありません (There’s no way ～/impossible to ～)
Verb (Dictionary Form) + 上で (upon doing ～/in the process of ～)
Verb (Ta Form) + 上で/Noun + の + 上で (after ～)
名詞 (Noun) + 上で/名詞 (Noun) + 上 (in terms of ～/based on ～)
Plain Form + 上に (not only ～ but also ～)